Development of Modern Transport Aircraft Essay Example for Free

Development of Modern Transport Aircraft Essay Introduction This document is presented to compare the two commercially successful and super-efficient airplanes, the Boeing 707-320B and Boeing 787-9. This document will identify the key innovations in airframe and propulsion technology, and also further discuss on why the basic design and appearance of aircraft remain unchanged over 50years. Source: http://boeing.com/commercial/707family/product.html http://boeing.com/commercial/787family/787-9prod.html Innovations in Airframe Throughout the years since aircraft was created, engineers are constantly improving the efficiencies, durability and speed of its Airframe. From the beginning of 1920s, the all aluminium structures to the high-strength alloys and high-speed airfoils in the beginning of the 1940s. However as flying becomes more commercialised, people were not satisfied with just travelling at higher speed; they want to travel a longer distance with lesser fuel burnt! Hence, by the beginning of 1960s and 1980s, long-range design air frames and light weight composite researches were developed respectively. The materials used to construct airframe ideally require light, durable characteristics and at the possible lowest cost. The Boeing 707-320b airframe is constructed mainly using aluminium. The properties of having high tensile strength, light in weight, easily alloyed with other various metals, make aluminium very favourable in meeting the requirements of the aircraft construction. Many suggested that they would much rather fly a metal plane then a plastic one. However, as for Boeing 787-9, it is made up as much as 50% of composite material, approximately 32000 kg of carbon fiber reinforced plastic made from 23 tons for carbon fibre. These composites used to construct the B787 is not like any common plastic, it is stronger, lighter and offers greater strength to weight ratio than anything else. The boldly introduced airframe construction weighs 20% lighter than the conventional aluminium designs. This approach allows the airplane to carry more payloads and fly a further distance. In addition to the overall weight saving, moving to a composite primary structure also promises to increase resistant to fatigue and corrosion, reducing both the scheduled and non-routine maintenance burden on airlines. Source: http://bintang.site11.com/Boeing_787/Boeing787_files/Specifications.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airframe http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articles/qtr_4_06/article_04_5.html Propulsion Technology With rising fuel prices, all airline operators hope for an engine with low fuel consumption. The B707-320B uses 4 Pratt and Whitney JT3D engines. Each of these low-by pass engines could only produce 80kN of thrust. In the making of aircraft engines in the early generation, there were many constraints. Materials and technology were not developed and advance enough to overcome those limitations. On the other hand with mature technology now, the B787-9 uses a standard electrical interface that allows the aircraft to be fitted with either Rolls Royce Trent 1000 engines or General Electric engines. Each of these high-by pass engines produces 240 to 330kN of thrust. The aim of being compatible to these 2 models of engines is to save time and cost when changing engine types. Departing from the traditional aircraft design, the B787 also operates without the use of bleed air. The approach improves engine efficiency, as there is no loss of mass airflow and therefore energy from the engine, leading to lower fuel consumption. The B787 claimed to be 70% more fuel efficient than the company’s first 1950s-era four-engine Pratt Whitney JT3D-powered B707 and 20% more fuel efficient than the modern aircraft of the similar size. Basic Appearance The basic appearance and design of B787 appears unchanged from its predecessor B707. The basic swept wing, under-wing engine configuration has served as the basis for all of almost all of the new aircraft’s airframe. The reason is because the way how aircraft is going to fly and how lift is being created is not going to change considerably. Changes and improvements are often instead made on aircraft weight, performance, noise and passenger comfort. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner http://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/dewiki/en/Boeing_787#Wirtschaftlichkeit Range Equation Breguet Range Equation [pic] †¢ V-Speed of aircraft †¢ L-Lift †¢ D-Drag †¢ G-Gravitional pull †¢ SFC-Specific Fuel consumption †¢ W-Weight (Reference to the equation above) With a given specific plan or profile, the Breguet Range Equation is used to calculate the aircraft’s range. We use this equation to predict and estimate the distance an airplane is capable to fly, accounting for its flight performance and the changes in weight as fuel is burned. The Specific fuel consumption is the measure on how efficiently an engine uses the fuel supplied to produce work. It allows engines of all different sizes to be compared to see which is the most fuel efficient.Using high by pass design and advanced materials, modern aircraft engine is able burn fuel more efficiently and overcome limitations in early generation such as high turbine temperatures. A decrease in SFC would mean an increase in range. Reducing the aircraft weight is always the goal for all aircraft designer. In case of B787, composite CFRP was boldly used up to 50% in the construction of the airplane. With reduced weight would means lesser thrust required. With lesser thrust would means decrease in fuel consumption rate. With a decreased fuel consumption rate, airplane will be able to fly a longer range. The lift to drag ratio refers to the amount of lift created by the aircraft, divided by the drag it produces when moving through air. Aircraft companies have been going towards the direction of achieving a higher L/D design; since a particular aircraft’s required lift is determined by its weight, delivering that lift with drag reduced, results directly to better fuel economy, longer range and at the same time a better climb performance and glide ratio . Source: http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/Unified_Concepts/BreguetNoteseps.pdf Conclusion With improved technology, aircraft engines will get increasingly fuel efficient; aircraft will get lighter and stronger. Aircraft will be able to fly cheaper, faster and better. Reference: 1. http://www.flightglobal.com/Features/787-handover/story-so-far/ 2. http://www.technologymarket.eu/2011/09/boeing-ana-celebrate-first-787-dreamliner-delivery/ 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner#Composite_materials 4. http://www.boeing.com/commercial/787family/787-9prod.html 5. http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articles/qtr_4_06/article_04_2.html 6. http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Theories_of_Flight/airplane/TH2.htm 7. http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/jom/0003/martin-0003.html 8. http://www.supercoolprops.com/articles/breguet.php 9. http://howautowork.com/part_1/ch_2/Specific_Fuel_Consumption_and_Efficiency_8.html 10. http://www.soton.ac.uk/~jps7/Aircraft%20Design%20Resources/aerodynamics/Breuget%20Equation.htm 11. http://www.designnews.com/document.asp?doc_id=222308 12. http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articles/qtr_4_06/article_04_2.html

Loss Of Freedom Through Apathy :: essays research papers

Loss of Freedom Through Apathy We do have freedom in this country but we simply choose to ignore it. We live in a democracy, the most just kind of government, where we the people hold supreme power. It is an institution that is a culmination of revolutions, wars, philosophies and heroes. It is the greatest and proudest government in the world. One reason for this is that Americans have a right citizens of Iraq and China and North Korea only dreamed they could have. It took one of the greatest military epics in history for our Founding Fathers to receive this right. It took the marching of thousands for women to achieve this right. It took 400 years of abuse for blacks to finally to win this right. It is the highest and purest form of freedom of speech and as Americans it is our single most powerful instrument of self government. It is the American vote and in this Presidential election it is a right 250 million chose to ignore. This year I had the great opportunity to volunteer my services to the Democratic party. I was excited to work for the Democrats because it was my first ever experience involved with the election. For 17 years I stood as a common bystander to this great American tradition. Volunteering my hours made me feel like I was part of something important. Mostly my work consisted of random polling. I would call people up between the hours of 7 and 9 P.M. and ask them a few questions about the election. With every call I hoped for the best, but it seemed that I was calling people at the time they were most irritable. Most would simply hang up, leaving with a polite "Oh, I'm not interested." Others acted militantly to my calling, slamming the phone in disgust. It startled and in a way disheartened me, the way many of the people I polled seemed totally apathetic to the political world around us. To me, spending a minute answering questions about the future of politics did not seem like too much to ask at all. Yet it continued. "Hello I'm calling on behalf of your congressman Bob Toricelli. I'd like to ask a few questions." "I'm sorry I'm really busy right now. I can't talk." *click "Hello I'm calling on behalf of your congressman Bob Toricelli. I'd like to ask a few questions." "Not interested" *click "Hello I'm calling on behalf of your congressman Bob Toricelli. I'd like to ask a few questions." "I'm tired of hearing about this election." *click If I was calling from a telephone company or some other corporate monster

The Day Then It End

The year that women decided to stand up for their right’s was the year that the case Roe vs. Wade came about. The author of the article that I chose was a writer for a newspaper, and is reliable for this aspect. The author could have chosen to write this article because he or she felt strongly about the women’s rights that were at jeopardy at the time. The article takes place in a town in Texas where a woman was denied the choice of having an abortion. The article then continues to give you facts about the court case, the different opinions of the jury, and the final ruling.The article that I chose was over the case and covered many aspects about the rights of women and their right to choose. The biggest part of this article is the author’s choice to use pathos as an explanation as to why the case happened. This is evident throughout the entire article, as it is written over a very touchy subject. Some words that we see repeated throughout the article are â€Å" privacy† and â€Å"choice†. These relate to pathos because they make you see just what was at jeopardy for not only Roe, but women all across the United States.When the word privacy is continually used, it evokes the emotion that women were being violated in the means of privacy. This is also used to evoke an emotion that in no way is abortion a right to privacy, which is seen in the portion of the article titled â€Å"Dissenting Opinion†. The word choice is seen multiple times throughout the article and can evoke two different kinds of emotions as well. On one hand, the word choice is used to really hit home to you in the way that a person’s right to choose what they do with their body was at stake, and on the other hand, you feel the emotion that the fetus’ right to choose to live was at stake.These are both very sensitive subjects and can evoke emotion no matter the opinion on the issue. Evoking emotion through stating both emotional views and op inions has the largest effect on people throughout this article. The next appeal that this article has is that of ethos. The entire article from start to finish is filled with ethos appeals, since it is a newspaper article about a court ruling. Throughout the article, we can see the ethos appeals within the different court and medical terms.Some of these words and phrases that are repeated throughout the article are â€Å"the court has ruled (and small variations)† and â€Å"Amendment†. These words increase the trustworthiness of the author of the article by making her seem like she was involved with the law and understands it to a point. Even though we can tell that the author is just a writer for a newspaper, but we can tell by the use of these words that she is understanding of the court terms in general. These terms also come from actual quotes and speeches from within the Roe vs.Wade case, which is apparent in the sections of the article titled â€Å"Majority Opi nion† and â€Å"Dissenting Opinion†. The effect that these appeals have on people is that it gives them a better feeling of the author’s credentials, knowing that what they are reading was written by an author that knows what they are talking about. The final appeal that is apparent throughout the article is that of logos. Although not as frequently used, the appeal of logos is still there. One specific example of a logos appeal is when the article states,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ -judge federal court ruled that Texas abortion law unconstitutional, and the case was the appealed directly to the U. S. Supreme Court†. This is a logos appeal because it applied to the logical side of the article in the way that it made the law maker go back and be more specific about what they were talking about. Finally, we take a look at how the author wrote this article. While the author uses the logos, ethos, and pathos appeals, the author uses a certain word choice, tone, and syntax t hroughout the article to also get their point across.Throughout the article, we see the author using very sophisticated and professional word choice, such as â€Å"Amendments† and â€Å"Constitutional†. These words also influence her tone, making the piece sound very serious; this is how it should be. The article is over abortion which is a very serious topic for women everywhere. We also get a trustworthy feeling out of the article because of these factors. Included in word choice is the repetition of certain words and phrases. These phrases open your eyes to what happens to women almost every day, still, even after the Roe vs.Wade case was over. Also, the author used no figurative language at all, which made it seem even more professional than a speech or anything other than something based strictly on facts and stuck to an objective tone throughout. In conclusion, this article is very professional and appeals to many groups of people through the logos, pathos, and e thos appeals about abortion and the Roe vs. Wade case. Although it had a lot of emotional appeal, it also had a huge professional feel, making it seem like a trustworthy article.

Title Of The Lesson Dangers Of Prescription Drugs Grade

Title of the lesson: Dangers of Prescription Drugs Grade Level: 6th Grade # Of students: 20 Students Teacher Focus: I will be working on using proximity in my lesson by paying attention to when students are off task and need to be redirected by walking around them to redirect their attention to the lesson. Purpose/Curriculum Focus: †¢ The class has been working on a substance abuse unit. Today we are focusing on the dangers of prescription drug abuse while incorporating it into our language unit of cause and effect. Iowa Core Curriculum Standards or National Standards: State Standards: †¢ Standard 1: Demonstrate functional health literacy skills to obtain, interpret, understand, and use basic health concepts to enhance personal,†¦show more content†¦Procedure: (included a suggested time allocation for each part of the procedure) Introduction attention getter, anticipatory set): 1. Inquire with students by asking what do they know about prescription drug abuse? Have a short discussion asking about what knowledge they previously have about prescription drug abuse and what they think prescription drug abuse could be about (3 minutes). 2. Introduce students to the topic of prescription drug abuse by starting slide show linked here: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1fXMU6cHZtzKqfpzJtjpHS1rnWNBFD6fPy-o2TtLCGFI/edit?usp=sharing 3. Introduction to topic of prescription drug abuse by discussing and learning what a prescription drug is within the first 2-3 slides. †¢ As you are presenting and discussing the information on slides 1-2 pass out cards that have a prescription drug on the front and harmful side effects of that drug on the back for students to look at (5 minutes). Total Intro Time: 8 minutes Activities: Steps (note technology used; list questions you will use to start conversation and possible probes): 1. Introduce topic of cause and effect (Slide 4) to the students. Establish what cause and effect is to students by giving them both good and bad examples of cause and effect. Have a short discussion with class asking what cause and effect is and how it relates to prescription drug abuse by asking questions:Show MoreRelatedUse and Abuse of Media7426 Words   |  30 Pagesby guest Health Affairs is published monthly by Project HOPE at 7500 Old Georgetown Road, Suite 600, Bethesda, MD 20814-6133. Copyright  © 1990 by Project HOPE - The People-to-People Health Foundation. As provided by United States copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code), no part of Health Affairs may be reproduced, displayed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or by information storage or retrieval systems, without prior written permission fromRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesof workforce diversity. 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